1.1 Characteristics of Life
Humans are part of the natural world, the world of living things.
Living things are organized from atoms to the biosphere.
All living things acquire materials and energy, reproduce, grow and develop, maintain homeostasis, respond to stimuli and all living things have an evolutionary history.1.2 Humans are Related to Other Animals
Humans are the vertebrates in the Animalia kingdom and of the vertebrates we are mammals.
Although humans are most closely related to apes we did not evolve from them, apes are our evolutionary cousins.
Humans are members of the biosphere and cultural heritage is damaging thebiosphere. Preservation of the biosphere will ensure the continuing existence of our species.
1.3 Science as a Process
Scientific theories are concepts that tell us how the natural world is organized.
Science is a way of learning about the natural world, the information is gathered by the scientific method.
These are the steps of the scientific method
1.4 Making Sense of a Scientific Study
Graphs are an easier way of showing results and summarizing data.
Statistical data shows how confident the results are, the higher the statistical significance the better the results are from experiment rather than chance.
1.5 Science and Social Responsibility
Science is the study of the natural world and technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans.
Everyone should be involved in making decisions about the proper use of technology, scientists can teach us all but need not make the decisions alone, we all need our own opinions.
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
2.1 From Atoms to Molecules
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass and can be a solid, liquid or a gas.
Atoms are the smallest unit of an element that retains chemical and physical properties of the element. The mass if an atom is its quantity of matter.
Molecules come from atoms bonding with one another forming the chemical unit called a molecule.
2.2 Water and Living Things
Water makes up about 60-70% of the total body weight.
Water molecules cling together because of the polarity and hydrogen bonding.
All living things are affected by waters acidic and basic solutions if they are too strong.
The pH scale below is used to indicate the acidity and basicity of a solution
2.3 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are 4 categories of organic molecules and are all unique to cells.
2.4 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates function for quick and short term energy storage.
Glucose is a simple sugar and is an immediate source of energy.
Complex carbohydrates consist of many glucose units.
2.5 Lipids
Lipids do not dissolve in water and contain 3 fatty acids and glycerol.
Phospholipids are in the cellular membrane.
2.6 Proteins
Proteins are the primary importance in the structure and function of cells.
Important for support, enzymes, hormones and motion.
Proteins cannot function unless they have their usual shape, if they lose their usual shape they no longer can perform their usual function.
2.7 Nucleic Acids
2 types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
DNA stores genetic information in the cell, it replicates and transmits the information when a cell reproduces.
RNA is an intermediary that conveys DNA’s instructions.
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
3.1 What is a Cell?
A cell is the basic unit of life and all living things are made up of cells.
Cells come from preexisting cells.
Cells are not visible to the naked eye, you have to use a microscope to view them.
3.2 How Cells Are Organized
The prokaryotic cell unlike the eukaryotic cell does not have a nucleus, however they both have a plasma membrane.
All types of cells do have a cytoplasm.
This is a picture of an animal (eukaryotic) cell:
3.3 The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It
A plasma membrane surrounds the cell and is necessary for the life of the cell.
A plasma membrane lets certain molecules and ions into and out of the cell.
Protein carriers transport some solutes that cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane.
3.4 The Nucleus and the Production of Proteins
Genetic information is stored in the nucleus.
The endomembrane, nucleus and ribosomes are all involved in the making of protein.
Ribosomes are made up of proteins and rRNA.
3.5 The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
The cytoskeleton helps to keep a cells shape stable.
Cilia and Flagella are involved in movement, they are able to interact and bend therefore move about.
3.6 Mitochondria and Cellular Metabolism
The mitochondria turns energy of glucose into the energy of ATP.
Cellular respiration occurs when the energy is being turned into ATP.
Metabolism is all chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
Fermentation is a process that does not require oxygen but if it lasts for long time can result in death.
Chapter 4: Organization and Regulation of Body Systems
4.1 Types of Tissues
The body consists of 4 major types of tissue all of which are composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform the same task.
Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue, Nervous tissue and Muscular tissue.
4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports
Connective tissue connects and supports body parts.
Fluid connective tissues consist of blood and lymph.
Bone and cartilage are a connective tissue.
4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body
Smooth muscle is involuntary and is involved in moving substances in lumens of the body.
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and pumps the blood.
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and is involved in the movement of the body.
4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates
Neurons and Neuroglia make up nervous tissue.
Nervous tissue is found in the spinal cord, brain and nerves.
Dendrites, cell body and an axon make up a neuron.
Neuroglia support and nourish the neurons.
4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects
Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines body cavities and is made up of tightly packed cells.
Epithelial tissue can be simple, having a single layer of cells or stratified, layers of cells stacked one on top of the other.
Glands are a type of epithelial tissue.
4.6 Cell Junctions
Cells are connected in tissues when plasma membranes are joined by either tight junctions, adhesion junctions or gap junctions.
These junctions help tissues perform their duties.
4.7 Integumentary System
Accessory organs such as nails, hair and sweat glands are referred to as integumentary system.
Skin plays an important role in homeostasis.
4.8 Organ Systems
All organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
The ventral cavity and dorsal cavity are the body’s 2 main cavities.
Dorsal cavity holds the spinal cord and brain while the ventral cavity holds the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity.
4.9 Homeostasis
The body’s ability to keep a stable constancy of internal environment by adjusting its physiological processes.
The picture below shows how the organ systems help homeostasis
No comments:
Post a Comment